On the Resurrection of the Dead 8
Authorship disputed: The Arethas codex ascribes it to Athenagoras, and the end of the Plea (ch. 36) promises a treatment of the resurrection. Some scholars (notably R. M. Grant, 1954) have argued that its style and arguments point to a later author of the third or fourth century; others (e.g. B. Pouderon) defend Athenagoras's authorship.
Summary: Human flesh is not natural food for humans and so is never truly absorbed; God will gather every part of each body, however it perished.
Greek text · Otto 7:214–218
Καὶ τί δεῖ λέγειν περὶ τῶν μηδενὶ ζώῳ πρὸς τροφὴν ἀποκληρωθέντων σωμάτων, μόνην δὲ τὴν εἰς γῆν ταφὴν ἐπὶ τιμῇ τῆς φύσεως μεμοιραμένων, ὅπου γε μηδʼ ἄλλο τι τῶν ζώων τοῖς ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ εἴδους εἰς τροφὴν ἀπεκλήρωσεν ὁ ποιήσας, κἂν ἐν ἄλλοις τισὶ τῶν ἑτερογενῶν τροφὴ γίνηται κατὰ φύσιν; Εἰ μὲν οὖν ἔχουσι δεικνύναι σάρκας ἀνθρώπων ἀνθρώποις εἰς βρῶσιν ἀποκληρωθείσας, οὐδὲν κωλύσει τὰς ἀλληλοφαγίας εἶναι κατὰ φύσιν, ὥσπερ ἄλλο τι τῶν τῇ φύσει συγκεχωρημένων, καὶ τούς γε τὰ τοιαῦτα λέγειν τολμῶντας τοῖς τῶν φιλτάτων ἐντρυφᾶν σώμασιν, ὡς οἰκειοτέροις, ἢ καὶ τοὺς εὐνουστάτους σφίσι τούτοις αὐτοῖς ἑστιᾶν. Εἰ δὲ τοῦτο μὲν οὐδʼ εἰπεῖν εὐαγές, τὸ δὲ σαρκῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀνθρώπους μετασχεῖν ἔχθιστόν τι καὶ παμμίαρον καὶ πάσης ἐκθέσμου καὶ παρὰ φύσιν βρώσεως ἢ πράξεως ἐναγέστερον, τὸ δὲ παρὰ φύσιν οὐκ ἄν ποτε χωρήσειεν εἰς τροφὴν τοῖς ταύτης δεομένοις μέρεσι καὶ μορίοις, τὸ δὲ μὴ χωροῦν εἰς τροφὴν οὐκ ἂν ἑνωθείη τούτοις ἃ μηδὲ τρέφειν πέφυκεν, οὐδὲ τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων σώματα συγκριθείη ποτʼ ἂν τοῖς ὁμοίοις σώμασιν, οἷς ἐστιν εἰς τροφὴν παρὰ φύσιν, κἂν πολλάκις διὰ τῆς τούτων ἴῃ γαστρὸς κατά τινα πικροτάτην συμφοράν· ἀποχωροῦντα δὲ τῆς θρεπτικῆς δυνάμεως, καὶ σκιδνάμενα πρὸς ἐκεῖνα πάλιν ἐξ ὧν τὴν πρώτην ἔσχε σύστασιν, ἑνοῦται μὲν τούτοις ἐφʼ ὅσον ἂν ἕκαστον τύχῃ χρόνον· ἐκεῖθεν δὲ διακριθέντα πάλιν σοφίᾳ καὶ δυνάμει τοῦ πᾶσαν ζώου φύσιν σὺν ταῖς οἰκείαις δυνάμεσι συγκρίναντος ἑνοῦται προσφυῶς ἕκαστον ἑκάστῳ, κἂν πυρὶ καυθῇ, κἂν ὕδατι κατασαπῇ, κἂν ὑπὸ θηρίων ἢ τῶν ἐπιτυχόντων ζώων καταδαπανηθῇ, κἂν τοῦ παντὸς σώματος ἐκκοπὲν προδιαλυθῇ τῶν ἄλλων μερῶν· ἑνωθέντα δὲ πάλιν ἀλλήλοις τὴν αὐτὴν ἴσχει χώραν πρὸς τὴν τοῦ αὐτοῦ σώματος ἁρμονίαν τε καὶ σύστασιν καὶ τὴν τοῦ νεκρωθέντος ἢ καὶ πάντη διαλυθέντος ἀνάστασιν καὶ ζωήν. Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ πλεῖον μηκύνειν οὐκ εὔκαιρον· ὁμολογουμένην γὰρ ἔχει τὴν ἐπίκρισιν, τοῖς γε μὴ μιξοθήροις.
English · Claude translation
And what need is there to speak of bodies not assigned as food to any animal, but assigned only burial in the earth, in honor of their nature? The Maker has not assigned any animal as food to others of its own kind, even if it is natural food for some creatures of other kinds. If the objectors can show that human flesh has been assigned to human beings as food, nothing will prevent cannibalism from being natural, like anything else nature allows; and those who dare to say such things may then feast on the bodies of their dearest, as being more their own, or even entertain their best friends with them. But if even to say this is impious, and for human beings to partake of human flesh is something most hateful and utterly abominable, more accursed than any lawless and unnatural food or deed; and if what is contrary to nature could never become nourishment for the parts and particles that need it, and what does not become nourishment would not be united with what it cannot naturally nourish; then human bodies would never be combined with bodies like themselves, for which they are unnatural food, even if through some most bitter calamity they often pass through the stomach. Instead, they are separated from the nourishing power and scattered back to the things from which they had their first constitution, and are united with these for however long it may be. And from there they are separated again by the wisdom and power of him who joined every kind of living creature with its proper powers, and each is united fittingly with its own, whether it has been burned by fire, or rotted by water, or consumed by wild beasts or any animals that came upon it, or cut off from the whole body and dissolved before the other parts. United again with one another, they take the same place for the harmony and constitution of the same body, and for the resurrection and life of what died or was even wholly dissolved. It is not the time to dwell on this any longer; the verdict is agreed by all, except those who are half beasts.
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Notes
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (dittography: γῆν printed twice): εἰς γῆν γῆν ταφὴν → εἰς γῆν ταφὴν.
Cite this passage
Athenagoras, Res. 8 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/athenagoras-resurrection/8/).
Plain text
Athenagoras, Res. 8 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/athenagoras-resurrection/8/).
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