Against Celsus 4.89
Summary: Celsus should have proved bird-divination before claiming birds know God better than people; on his view birds outrank Pythagoras, Socrates, and Plato, and he should take them as his teachers.
Greek text · Koetschau 1:360–362
Ἐχρῆν οὖν τὸν Κέλσον, διὰ τῶν προκειμένων βουλόμενον θειότερα καὶ σοφώτερα ἀποδεῖξαι τὰ ἄλογα ζῷα τῶν ἀνθρώπων, κατασκευάσαι διὰ πλειόνων ὡς ὑπάρχουσαν τὴν τοιάνδε μαντικὴν καὶ τὴν ἀπολογίαν μετὰ τοῦτʼ ἐναργεστέρως ἀποδεῖξαι καὶ ἀποδεικτικῶς ἀποδοκιμάσαι μὲν τοὺς λόγους τῶν ἀναιρούντων τὰς τοιασδὶ μαντείας ἀποδεικτικῶς δʼ ἀνατρέψαι καὶ τοὺς λόγους τῶν εἰπόντων ἀπὸ δαιμόνων ἢ θεῶν γίνεσθαι τὰς κινήσεις τοῖς ζῴοις πρὸς τὸ μαντεύσασθαι καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα κατασκευάσαι περὶ τῆς τῶν ἀλόγων ζῴων ψυχῆς ὡς θειοτέρας. οὕτω γὰρ ἂν πρὸς τὰ πιθανὰ αὐτοῦ, ἐπιδειξαμένου φιλόσοφον περὶ τῶν τηλικούτων ἕξιν, κατὰ τὸ δυνατὸν ἡμῖν ἐνέστημεν· ἀνατρέποντες μὲν τὸ ὅτι σοφώτερα τὰ ἄλογα ζῷα τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ψευδοποιοῦντες δὲ καὶ ὅτι ἐννοίας ἔχει τοῦ θείου ἱερωτέρας ἡμῶν καὶ ὅτι ὁμιλίας ἔχει πρὸς ἄλληλα ἱεράς τινας. νυνὶ δʼ ὁ ἐγκαλῶν ἡμῖν ὅτι πιστεύομεν τῷ ἐπὶ πᾶσι θεῷ ἀξιοῖ ἡμᾶς πιστεύειν ὅτι αἱ ψυχαὶ τῶν ὀρνίθων θειοτέρας ἔχουσιν ἐννοίας καὶ τρανοτέρας ἀνθρώπων. ὅπερ εἰ ἀληθές ἐστιν. ὄρνιθες μᾶλλον τρανοτέρας Κέλσου ἔχουσι περὶ θεοῦ ἐννοίας· καὶ οὐ θαυμαστὸν εἰ Κέλσου. τοῦ ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐξευτελίζοντος. ἀλλὰ γὰρ ὅσον ἐπὶ Κέλσῳ οἱ ὄρνιθες μείζονας καὶ θειοτέρας ἔχουσιν ἐννοίας οὐ λέγω ἡμῶν Χριστιανῶν ἢ τῶν ταῖς αὐταῖς ἡμῖν γραφαῖς χρωμένων Ἰουδαίων ἀλλὰ γὰρ καὶ τῶν παρʼ Ἕλλησι θεολόγων· ἄνθρωποι γὰρ ἦσαν. μᾶλλον οὖν κατὰ Κέλσον κατείληφε τὴν τοῦ θείου φύσιν τὸ τῶν δῆθεν μαντικῶν ὀρνίθων γένος ἢ Φερεκύδης καὶ Πυθαγόρας καὶ Σωκράτης καὶ Πλάτων. καὶ ἐχρῆν γε ἡμᾶς πρὸς τοὺς ὄρνιθας φοιτᾶν διδασκάλους· ἵνʼ. ὥσπερ κατὰ τὴν Κέλσου ὑπόληψιν διδάσκουσιν ἡμᾶς μαντικῶς τὰ ἐσόμενα. οὕτω καὶ [περὶ] τοῦ ἀμφιβάλλειν περὶ τοῦ θείου ἀπαλλάξωσι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. ἣν κατειλήφασι τρανὴν περὶ αὐτοῦ ἔννοιαν παραδιδόντες. Κέλσῳ μὲν οὖν ἀκολουθεῖ, τῷ διαφέρειν ἡγουμένῳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοὺς ὄρνιθας, διδασκάλοις αὐτὸν χρᾶσθαι ὄρνισι καὶ μηδενὶ οὕτως τῶν φιλοσοφησάντων παρʼ Ἕλλησιν·
English · Claude translation
Celsus, then, wishing by what he put forward to show that irrational animals are more divine and wiser than human beings, ought to have established at length that such divination exists, and after that to have shown his defence more clearly: to reject by demonstration the arguments of those who do away with such divinations, to overturn by demonstration also the arguments of those who said that the movements for divining come to the animals from demons or gods, and after that to establish his view about the soul of the irrational animals as more divine. For then, since he would have displayed a philosophical competence on such great matters, we would have opposed his plausible arguments as best we could, overturning the claim that irrational animals are wiser than human beings, and exposing as false both that they have holier notions of the divine than we do and that they have some holy conversations with one another. But as it is, the one who accuses us for believing in the God over all asks us to believe that the souls of birds have more divine and clearer notions than human beings. If this is true, birds have clearer notions of God than Celsus; and it is no wonder if they have clearer notions than Celsus, who belittles man so much. But, as far as Celsus is concerned, birds have greater and more divine notions, I do not say than we Christians, or than the Jews who use the same Scriptures as we do, but even than the theologians among the Greeks; for they were human beings. According to Celsus, then, the race of supposedly prophetic birds has grasped the nature of the divine better than Pherecydes and Pythagoras and Socrates and Plato. And we ought to go to the birds as teachers, so that, as on Celsus's supposition they teach us the future by divination, so too they may free human beings from doubting about the divine, by handing on the clear notion they have grasped of him. It follows, then, that Celsus, who thinks birds surpass human beings, should use birds as his teachers, and none of the philosophers among the Greeks.
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Notes
Translation notes
- The bracketed [περὶ] is deleted by the editor. The section ends mid-sentence; it continues in 4.90.
Cite this passage
Origen, Cels. 4.89 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/origen-celsum/4/89/).
Plain text
Origen, Cels. 4.89 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/origen-celsum/4/89/).
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