To Autolycus 2.25
Summary: The tree of knowledge was good; Adam was a child not yet ready for it, and death came from disobedience, not from the fruit; God forbade it not from envy but to test him and keep him innocent.
Greek text · Otto 8:124–128
Τὸ μὲν ξύλον τὸ τῆς γνώσεως αὐτὸ μὲν καλὸν καὶ ὁ καρπὸς αὐτοῦ καλός. Οὐ γάρ, ὡς οἴονταί τινες, θάνατον εἶχεν τὸ ξύλον, ἀλλʼ ἡ παρακοή. Οὐ γάρ τι ἕτερον ἦν ἐν τῷ καρπῷ ἢ μόνον γνῶσις. Ἡ δὲ γνῶσις καλή, ἐπὰν αὐτῇ οἰκείως τις χρήσηται. Τῇ δὲ οὔσῃ ἡλικίᾳ ὅδε Ἀδὰμ ἔτι νήπιος ἦν· διὸ οὔπω ἠδύνατο τὴν γνῶσιν κατʼ ἀξίαν χωρεῖν. Καὶ γὰρ νῦν, ἐπὰν γενηθῇ παιδίον, οὐκ ἤδη δύναται ἄρτον ἐσθίειν, ἀλλὰ πρῶτον γάλακτι ἀνατρέφεται, ἔπειτα κατὰ πρόσβασιν τῆς ἡλικίας καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν στερεὰν τροφὴν ἔρχεται. Οὕτως ἂν γεγόνει καὶ τῷ Ἀδάμ. Διὸ οὐχ ὡς φθονῶν αὐτῷ ὁ θεός, ὡς οἴονταί τινες, ἐκέλευσεν μὴ ἐσθίειν ἀπὸ τῆς γνώσεως. Ἔτι μὴν καὶ ἐβούλετο δοκιμάσαι αὐτόν, εἰ ὑπήκοος γίνεται τῇ ἐντολῇ αὐτοῦ. Ἅμα δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ πλείονα χρόνον ἐβούλετο ἁπλοῦν καὶ ἀκέραιον διαμεῖναι τὸν ἄνθρωπον νηπιάζοντα. Τοῦτο γὰρ ὅσιόν ἐστιν, οὐ μόνον παρὰ θεῷ ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ ἀνθρώποις, τὸ ἐν ἁπλότητι καὶ ἀκακίᾳ ὑποτάσσεσθαι τοῖς γονεῦσιν. Εἰ δὲ χρὴ τὰ τέκνα τοῖς γονεῦσιν ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πόσῳ μᾶλλον τῷ θεῷ καὶ πατρὶ τῶν ὅλων; Ἔτι μὴν καὶ ἄσχημόν ἐστιν τὰ παιδία τὰ νήπια ὑπὲρ ἡλικίαν φρονεῖν. Καθάπερ γὰρ τῇ ἡλικίᾳ τις πρὸς τάξιν αὔξει, οὕτως καὶ ἐν τῷ φρονεῖν. Ἄλλως τε ἐπὰν νόμος κελεύσῃ ἀπέχεσθαι ἀπό τινος καὶ μὴ ὑπακούῃ τις, δῆλον ὅτι οὐχ ὁ νόμος κόλασιν παρέχει, ἀλλὰ ἡ ἀπείθεια καὶ ἡ παρακοή. Καὶ γὰρ πατὴρ ἰδίῳ τέκνῳ ἐνίοτε προστάσσει ἀπέχεσθαί τινων, καὶ ἐπὰν οὐχ ὑπακούῃ τῇ πατρικῇ ἐντολῇ, δέρεται καὶ ἐπιτιμίας τυγχάνει διὰ τὴν παρακοήν· καὶ οὐκ ἤδη αὐτὰ τὰ πράγματα πληγαί εἰσιν, ἀλλʼ ἡ παρακοὴ τῷ ἀπειθοῦντι ὕβρεις περιποιεῖται. Οὕτως καὶ τῷ πρωτοπλάστῳ ἡ παρακοὴ περιεποιήσατο ἐκβληθῆναι αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ παραδείσου· οὐ μέντοι γε ὡς κακοῦ τι ἔχοντος τοῦ ξύλου τῆς γνώσεως, διὰ δὲ τῆς παρακοῆς ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐξήντλησεν πόνον ὀδύνην λύπην, καὶ τὸ τέλος ὑπὸ θάνατον ἔπεσεν.
English · Claude translation
The tree of knowledge was itself good, and its fruit was good. For it was not the tree, as some think, that held death, but the disobedience. There was nothing else in the fruit but knowledge; and knowledge is good when one uses it properly. But Adam, at the age he then was, was still an infant; so he could not yet take in knowledge worthily. Even now, when a child is born, it cannot yet eat bread; it is first nourished with milk, and then, as it grows older, it comes to solid food. So it would have been with Adam. God did not forbid him to eat of knowledge, then, out of envy, as some think. He also wished to test him, to see whether he would obey his command. And at the same time he wished the human being to remain simple and innocent for a longer time, while he was still a child. For it is a holy thing, not only before God but also before human beings, to be subject to one's parents in simplicity and innocence. And if children must be subject to their parents, how much more to the God and Father of all? Besides, it is unseemly for little children to think thoughts beyond their age; as one grows in years in due order, so one grows in understanding. Again, when a law commands someone to abstain from something and he does not obey, clearly it is not the law that brings the punishment, but the disobedience and the transgression. A father sometimes commands his own child to keep away from certain things, and when the child does not obey his father's command, he is beaten and punished because of his disobedience; it is not the things themselves that are the blows, but the disobedience that brings disgrace on the one who disobeys. So too for the first-formed man, it was his disobedience that brought about his expulsion from the garden; not that there was anything evil in the tree of knowledge, but through disobedience the human being drew upon himself toil, pain, and grief, and in the end fell under death.
About this passage
Notes
Translation notes
- The picture of Adam as a child, created to grow toward maturity, is developed further by Irenaeus.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (misprint: διὰ for διὸ (“therefore”)): διὰ οὔπω ἠδύνατο → διὸ οὔπω ἠδύνατο.
Cite this passage
Theophilus, Autol. 2.25 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/theophilus-autolycus/2/25/).
Plain text
Theophilus, Autol. 2.25 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/theophilus-autolycus/2/25/).
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