On the Resurrection of the Dead 17

Authorship disputed: The Arethas codex ascribes it to Athenagoras, and the end of the Plea (ch. 36) promises a treatment of the resurrection. Some scholars (notably R. M. Grant, 1954) have argued that its style and arguments point to a later author of the third or fourth century; others (e.g. B. Pouderon) defend Athenagoras's authorship.

Summary: No one would believe, without experience, that a whole human body grows from a seed; so reason can be trusted when it shows that the resurrection follows in the natural sequence of human life.

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Greek text · Otto 7:254–260

Αὕτη γὰρ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἡ φύσις, ἄνωθεν καὶ κατὰ γνώμην τοῦ ποιήσαντος συγκεκληρωμένην ἔχουσα τὴν ἀνωμαλίαν, ἀνώμαλον ἔχει τὴν ζωὴν καὶ τὴν διαμονήν, ποτὲ μὲν ὕπνῳ ποτὲ δὲ θανάτῳ διακοπτομένην καὶ ταῖς καθʼ ἑκάστην ἡλικίαν μεταβολαῖς, οὐκ ἐμφαινομένων ἐναργῶς τοῖς πρώτοις τῶν ὕστερον ἐπιγινομένων. Ἢ τίς ἂν ἐπίστευσεν, μὴ τῇ πείρᾳ δεδιδαγμένος, ἐν ὁμοιομερεῖ καὶ διαπλάστῳ τῷ σπέρματι τοσούτων καὶ τηλικούτων ἀποκεῖσθαι δυνάμεων ἢ τῶν ταύτῃ ἐπισυνισταμένων καὶ πηγνυμένων ὄγκων διαφοράν, ὀστέων φημὶ καὶ νεύρων καὶ χόνδρων, ἔτι δὲ καὶ μυῶν καὶ σαρκῶν καὶ σπλάγχνων καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν τοῦ σώματος μερῶν; Οὔτε γὰρ ἐν ὑγροῖς ἔτι τοῖς σπέρμασι τούτων ἔστιν ἰδεῖν οὐδέν, οὔτε μὴν τοῖς νηπίοις ἐμφαίνεταί τι τῶν τοῖς τελείοις ἐπιγινομένων, ἢ τῇ τῶν τελείων ἡλικίᾳ τὰ τῶν παρηβηκότων, ἢ τούτοις τὰ τῶν γεγηρακότων. Ἀλλὰ δὴ καίτοι τῶν εἰρημένων τινῶν μὲν οὔθʼ ὅλως τινῶν δὲ ἀμυδρῶς ἐμφαινόντων τὴν φυσικὴν ἀκολουθίαν καὶ τὰς τῇ φύσει τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπιγινομένας μεταβολάς, ὅμως ἴσασιν ὅσοι μὴ τυφλώττουσιν ὑπὸ κακίας ἢ ῥαθυμίας περὶ τὴν τούτων κρίσιν, ὅτι δεῖ πρῶτον μὲν γενέσθαι τῶν σπερμάτων καταβολήν, διαρθρωθέντων δὲ τούτων καθʼ ἕκαστον μέρος καὶ μόριον καὶ προελθόντων εἰς φῶς τῶν κυηθέντων ἐπιγίνεται μὲν ἡ κατὰ τὴν πρώτην ἡλικίαν αὔξησις, ἥ τε κατʼ αὔξησιν τελείωσις, τελειωθέντων δὲ ὕφεσις τῶν φυσικῶν δυνάμεων μέχρι γήρως, εἶτα πεπονηκότων τῶν σωμάτων ἡ διάλυσις. Ὥσπερ οὖν ἐπὶ τούτῳ, οὔτε τοῦ σπέρματος ἐγγεγραμμένην ἔχοντος τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ζωὴν ἢ μορφὴν οὔτε τῆς ζωῆς τὴν εἰς τὰς πρώτας ἀρχὰς διάλυσιν, ὁ τῶν φυσικῶς γενομένων εἱρμὸς παρέχει τὴν πίστιν τοῖς οὐκ ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν φαινομένων ἔχουσι τὸ πιστόν, πολὺ μᾶλλον ὁ λόγος ἐκ τῆς φυσικῆς ἀκολουθίας ἀνιχνεύων τὴν ἀλήθειαν πιστοῦται τὴν ἀνάστασιν, ἀσφαλέστερος ὢν καὶ κρείττων τῆς πείρας πρὸς πίστωσιν ἀληθείας.

English · Claude translation

For this is the nature of human beings: from the beginning, by the purpose of the Maker, unevenness has been allotted to it, and so it has an uneven life and continuance, interrupted now by sleep, now by death, and by the changes of each stage of life, in which what comes later does not clearly appear in what comes first. Who would have believed, had he not learned it from experience, that so many and such great powers lie stored in the seed, uniform and unformed as it is, or the variety of masses that form and solidify from it: bones, I mean, and sinews and cartilage, and muscles, flesh, entrails, and the other parts of the body? None of these can be seen in the seed while it is still moist; nor does anything of what comes to adults appear in infants, nor anything of those past their prime in adults, nor of the aged in them. Yet though some of these stages show the natural sequence and the changes that come upon human nature not at all, and others only dimly, all who are not blinded by wickedness or sloth in judging these matters know that first the seed must be sown; then, when it has been formed in every part and particle and what was conceived has come forth into the light, there follows growth in the first stage of life, and the maturity that results from growth; after maturity comes a decline of the natural powers until old age; and then, when the bodies are worn out, dissolution. In this case, then, although the seed does not have the life or form of human beings written in it, nor life its dissolution into the first elements, the sequence of natural events makes it credible to those who cannot believe it from what is visible. Much more, then, does reason, tracing out the truth from the natural sequence, confirm the resurrection, since reason is safer and stronger than experience for establishing the truth.

About this passage

Source
Otto 7:254–260 · Johann Carl Theodor Otto, ed., Athenagorae philosophi Atheniensis opera, Corpus apologetarum Christianorum saeculi secundi 7 (Jena: Mauke, 1857) · Greek text: J. C. T. Otto, Athenagorae philosophi Atheniensis opera (Corpus apologetarum Christianorum saeculi secundi 7, 1857), digitized by the Perseus Digital Library and published by the First Thousand Years of Greek project (Open Greek and Latin), CC BY-SA 4.0
Text
As printed in Otto, CorpApol 7. Manuscript variants and the editor's apparatus are not reproduced; no textual problem is noted in this passage.
Translation
Claude translation (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-26 · Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Otto (1857); made independently of existing English translations.
Compare
Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 2 (1885) (an older public-domain English translation, whole volume at CCEL; checked against ours only after ours was made)
Scripture
Topics
Eschatology

Notes

Translation notes

  • The comparison of the resurrection with the growth of a body from a seed echoes 1 Cor 15:36–38.

Cite this passage

Athenagoras, Res. 17 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/athenagoras-resurrection/17/).

Plain text
Athenagoras, Res. 17 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/athenagoras-resurrection/17/).

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