On the Resurrection of the Dead 23
Authorship disputed: The Arethas codex ascribes it to Athenagoras, and the end of the Plea (ch. 36) promises a treatment of the resurrection. Some scholars (notably R. M. Grant, 1954) have argued that its style and arguments point to a later author of the third or fourth century; others (e.g. B. Pouderon) defend Athenagoras's authorship.
Summary: God's commandments (honor parents, do not commit adultery, do not steal) were given to embodied human beings, not to souls, so the whole person must be judged.
Greek text · Otto 7:280–282
Καὶ μὴν κἀκεῖνο πάντων παραλογώτατον, τὸ τοὺς μὲν θεσπισθέντας νόμους ἐπʼ ἀνθρώπους φέρειν, τῶν δὲ νομίμως ἢ παρανόμως πεπραγμένων τὴν δίκην ἐπὶ μόνας τρέπειν τὰς ψυχάς. Εἰ γὰρ ὁ τοὺς νόμους δεξάμενος οὗτος δέξαιτʼ ἂν δικαίως καὶ τῆς παρανομίας τὴν δίκην, ἐδέξατο δὲ τοὺς νόμους ἄνθρωπος, οὐ ψυχὴ καθʼ ἑαυτήν, ἄνθρωπον δεῖ καὶ τὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἡμαρτημένων ὑποσχεῖν δίκην, οὐ ψυχὴν καθʼ ἑαυτήν· ἐπεὶ μὴ ψυχαῖς ἐθέσπισε θεὸς ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν οὐδὲν αὐταῖς προσηκόντων, οἷον μοιχείας φόνου κλοπῆς ἁρπαγῆς τῆς κατὰ τῶν γεννησάντων ἀτιμίας, πάσης τε κοινῶς τῆς ἐπʼ ἀδικίᾳ καὶ βλάβῃ τῶν πέλας γινομένης ἐπιθυμίας. Οὔτε γὰρ τὸ Τίμα τὸν πατέρα σου καὶ τὴν μητέρα σου ψυχαῖς μόνον εὐάρμοστον, οὐ προσηκόντων αὐταῖς τῶν τοιούτων ὀνομάτων· οὐ γὰρ ψυχαὶ ψυχὰς γεννῶσαι τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς ἢ τῆς μητέρος οἰκειοῦνται προσηγορίαν, ἀλλʼ ἀνθρώπους ἄνθρωποι· οὔτε οὖν τὸ Οὐ μοιχεύσεις ἐπὶ ψυχῶν λεχθείῃ ποτʼ ἂν ἢ νοηθείη δεόντως, οὐκ οὔσης ἐν αὐταῖς τῆς κατὰ τὸ ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ διαφορᾶς οὐδὲ πρὸς μῖξίν τινος ἐπιτηδειότητος ἢ πρὸς ταύτην ὀρέξεως. Ὀρέξεως δὲ τοιαύτης οὐκ οὔσης, οὐδὲ μῖξιν εἶναι δυνατόν· παρʼ οἷς δὲ μῖξις οὐκ ἔστιν ὅλως, οὐδὲ ἔνθεσμος μῖξις, ὅπερ ἐστὶν ὁ γάμος· ἐννόμου δὲ μίξεως οὐκ οὔσης, οὐδὲ τὴν παράνομον καὶ τὴν ἐπʼ ἀλλοτρίᾳ γυναικὶ γινομένην ὄρεξιν ἢ μῖξιν εἶναι δυνατόν, τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι μοιχεία. Ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ τὸ κλοπὴν ἀπαγορεύειν ἢ τὴν τοῦ πλείονος ἐπιθυμίαν ψυχαῖς προσφυές· οὐδὲ γὰρ δέονται τούτων, ὧν οἱ δεόμενοι διὰ τὴν φυσικὴν ἔνδειαν ἢ χρείαν κλέπτειν εἰώθασιν ἢ λῃστεύειν, οἷον χρυσὸν ἢ ἄργυρον ἢ ζῶον ἢ ἄλλο τι τῶν πρὸς τροφὴν ἢ σκέπην ἢ χρῆσιν ἐπιτηδείων· ἀχρεῖον γὰρ ἀθανάτῳ φύσει πᾶν ὁπόσον τοῖς ἐνδεέσιν ὀρεκτὸν ὡς χρήσιμον. Ἀλλʼ ὁ μὲν ἐντελέστερος περὶ τούτων λόγος ἀφείσθω τοῖς σπουδαιότερον ἕκαστον σκοπεῖν βουλομένοις ἢ φιλοτιμότερον διαγωνίζεσθαι πρὸς τοὺς διαφερομένους. Ἡμῖν δὲ ἀρκούντων τῶν ἀρτίως εἰρημένων καὶ τῶν συμφώνως τούτοις τὴν ἀνάστασιν πιστουμένων, τὸ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἐπὶ πλεῖον ἐνδιατρίβειν οὐκ ἔτʼ ἂν ἔχοι καιρόν· οὐ γὰρ τὸ μηδὲν παραλιπεῖν τῶν ἐνόντων εἰπεῖν πεποιήμεθα σκοπόν, ἀλλὰ τὸ κεφαλαιωδῶς ὑποδεῖξαι τοῖς συνελθοῦσιν ἃ χρὴ περὶ ἀναστάσεως φρονεῖν, καὶ τῇ δυνάμει τῶν παρόντων συμμετρῆσαι τὰς ἐπὶ τοῦτο φερούσας ἀφορμάς.
English · Claude translation
And this is the most unreasonable thing of all: that the laws God enacted are given to human beings, yet the penalty for what was done lawfully or unlawfully should be turned on souls alone. If the one who received the laws would justly also receive the penalty for breaking them, and it was the human being who received the laws, not the soul by itself, then it is the human being who must pay the penalty for sins, not the soul by itself. For God did not command souls to abstain from things that have nothing to do with them, such as adultery, murder, theft, robbery, dishonoring one's parents, and in general every desire that leads to injustice and harm to one's neighbors. “Honor your father and your mother” does not fit souls alone, since such names do not belong to them; souls do not beget souls and so claim the title of father or mother; human beings beget human beings. Nor could “You shall not commit adultery” ever properly be said or understood of souls, since there is no distinction of male and female in them, nor any aptitude for intercourse or desire for it. Where there is no such desire, intercourse is impossible; where there is no intercourse at all, there is no lawful intercourse either, that is, marriage; and where there is no lawful intercourse, there can be no unlawful desire for or intercourse with another man's wife, that is, adultery. Nor is the prohibition of theft or of coveting more than one's share fitting for souls. For they do not need the things that people, because of natural want or need, commonly steal or rob: gold or silver, an animal, or anything else suited to food, shelter, or use; for everything that the needy desire as useful is useless to an immortal nature. But let a fuller treatment of these things be left to those who wish to examine each point more seriously, or to contend more ambitiously with opponents. For us, what has just been said, and what confirms the resurrection in agreement with it, is enough, and it would not be timely to dwell longer on the same points. Our aim has not been to leave out nothing that could be said, but to show in summary to those gathered here what they ought to think about the resurrection, and to fit the arguments for it to the capacity of those present.
About this passage
Notes
Translation notes
- “Those gathered here … those present” suggests that the treatise was first delivered as a lecture.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (accent: grave on ἃ before a following word): συνελθοῦσιν ἅ χρὴ → συνελθοῦσιν ἃ χρὴ.
Cite this passage
Athenagoras, Res. 23 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/athenagoras-resurrection/23/).
Plain text
Athenagoras, Res. 23 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/athenagoras-resurrection/23/).
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